Well, it is hard to believe, but we have closed yet another year at Odyssey. We send hugs and tearful farewells to the Class of 2026 as first and second-year DP Language and Literature scholars gear up for another year (or our first year together!) The Class of 2026 will be moving on to bigger and broader endeavors and adventures in learning as they pursue university, college, military service, missions, or careers, wherever their plans and dreams take them.
Class of 2026, you are standing at a precipice, and at this momentous time in your lives, great reflection is in order; a reflection that can help our next generation of upperclassmen - juniors and seniors - as they navigate through unfamiliar and uncertain waters and build upon their knowledge as IB scholars. Please know I am ALWAYS and FOREVER in your corner, cheering you on through all of life’s wonderful challenges and celebrations! Lots of love, gratitude, prayer, and applause FOR and TO you from me!Literally Speaking
Tuesday, April 28, 2026
WORD TO THE WISE: Sage Advice from the Class of 2026 to a NEW Generation of DP Language & Literature Scholars! (August Blog, 2026)
Wednesday, April 1, 2026
HUMOR, HOMAGE, and HUMILIATION - Explaining and Differentiating Between Literary Intentions (April Blog)
Ever since Alanis Morissette released her song "Ironic," people have started buzzing about the true
meaning of certain literary terms and whether or not they are truly being used properly in context.Irony confuses, and like the two p's and satire, which will be addressed momentarily, it depends somewhat on the intention of the writer or speaker.
Irony requires an opposing meaning between what's said and what's intended. Stop. Think about that for a long moment. Even the definition is somewhat head-scratching. So, if you often find yourself confused by irony, you're in excellent company. One of the confounding factors of irony isn't just that its definition is a bit, well, complex, but also the sheer number of possibilities for correct usage. It's bad enough that irony is hard to grasp, but now add to that fact that there are, in fact, a multitude of definitions for different forms of irony, including verbal, dramatic, and cosmic. The sheer variety of ways irony can be used meaningfully suggests that it is something of a "catch-all" for situations that seem odd, upsetting, or amusing. Enter Ms. Morissette...
If it rains on your wedding day, that may be seen as a coincidence, but not irony. However, if you moved your wedding to an indoor venue because the forecast predicted rain, but the day turned out to be sunny, and then the sprinkler system at your venue malfunctioned and doused the ceremony with water, so you all got wet, after all, THAT'S ironic. If you win the lottery and drop dead before claiming the money, that is simply good luck followed by bad luck. If you meet the man of your dreams and then meet his beautiful wife, that's just a bummer. But if, then, a song called "Ironic" contains no irony, is that in and of itself ironic? Nope...not really. It may just be an example of ignorance. It depends on the creator's intent. So if Alanis purposely wrote a song about irony with no ironic content at all, is THAT ironic? We are getting closer...
Here are six ways to look at Irony. The first three are the ones we study and must understand clearly:
1. VERBAL IRONY: When a speaker or writer is intentionally using words that literally convey the opposite of their true beliefs, generally for the purpose of comic emphasis. In fact, there is a strong overlap between sarcasm and comic irony. Example: Saying "Oh, that's just fantastic," when the situation is really poor. If the intention is to mock a person or group, this is a specific type of Verbal Irony, affectionately known as sarcasm.
2. SITUATIONAL IRONY: A sharp divergence between expectations or perceptions and reality. Expectations, of course, often differ from results, but to rise to the state of irony, the gulf between them should be vast and the contrast sharp. (See the wedding example above with Ms. Morissette's song breakdown).
3. DRAMATIC IRONY: Perhaps the easiest to understand, as its use is so specialized. The device in which the reader or audience is tipped off to a crucial fact still unknown to one or more of the characters. Example: The audience and Friar know that Juliet isn't really dead, but Romeo doesn't.
*4. COSMIC IRONY: Not very often used. It denotes the idea that the fates are against us, if not indifferent to us, and that our struggles are the result of higher forces amusing themselves at our expense. Example: The owner of the Titanic declared, "God Himself cannot sink this ship." Well, you can infer the rest.
*5. HISTORICAL IRONY: Some things become ironic with time. If the passage of years creates an amusing juxtaposition between a historical event or claim and what has happened since, contradicting it. Example: Isn't it ironic that the inventor of the machine gun thought his new weapon would end all war?" Answer: YES! It is, in fact, historically ironic. :)
*6. SOCRATIC IRONY: The pretense of ignorance used to draw an opponent into slipping up or revealing flaws in their argument. Example: She used Socratic questioning in order to enable him to realize the holes in his emphatic argument.
How's that for confusing? If that isn't enough, irony is only one way to bring in humor or thought-provoking elements in literature. There are also parody, pastiche, and satire....Buckle up, here we go!
PARODY: An imitative work created to mock, comment on, or trivialize an original work, its subject author, style, or some other target, by means of imitation. Example: The movie "Airplane" is a parody of 1970's disaster movies. Example #2: Most everything created by Weird Al Yankovic.
PASTICHE: A work of visual art, literature, or music that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, the intention of pastiche is to celebrate rather than mock. Example: Many modern artists seek to produce works of impressionism in homage to Renoir and Monet, who are very much beloved.
SATIRE: A genre of literature and art in which the vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, or society itself into improvement. Although funny, it's most often intended to shame or offer constructive social criticism. Examples: The Daily Show, most political cartoons
There you have it! Here's to understanding the various ways authors, speakers, poets, and artists humor us, pay homage to us, and humiliate us in all sorts of creative and confounding ways!
I have attached the Morissette song for you to evaluate, armed with your new knowledge of irony. I have also attached two very funny little videos for your enjoyment from parody artist and comedian, Tim Hawkins. Reply with the following:
1. Did you find any examples of true irony in the Morissette song? Give me an example of irony in something you have heard or read. What type of irony is it? Why?
2. What are each of the funny little videos an example of and why?
3. Which of the previous definitions confused you the most? What literary device do you find most confusing?
Alanis Morissette: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jne9t8sHpUc
Tim Hawkins Video #1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5R8gSgedh4
Tim Hawkins Video #2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LO2eh6f5Go0
Sunday, March 1, 2026
YOU COMPLETE ME! Finding and fixing fragmented thoughts and ideas in our writing. (March Blog)
A puzzle that is missing just enough important pieces so that you cannot quite make out a picture. A film with no sound. A wink without a smile. A street with no name.
Each description above refers to something that is, sadly, incomplete. They are, also, in and of themselves incomplete thoughts; they do not quite fit the definition of a complete sentence. They are the pet peeve of English teachers everywhere--grammatical garble--fractional phrases.
They are (cue the doomsday music) sentence fragments.
No one escapes any high school Language and Literature course without being penalized for writing the odd sentence fragment, but not everyone remembers what they are and how to fix them. A sentence fragment is a group of words that rudely resembles a sentence. It will start with a capital letter and end with a period; however, it is neither an independent clause nor a complete idea. A sentence fragment can be very confusing for the reader, so usually, the best thing to do is to fix it by adding what is missing from the sentence or joining it to another sentence.
Here is a glaring example of a sentence fragment: Because of the rain. This is not a complete thought on its own. We, the readers, are left to scratch our heads and wonder, because of the rain....what? To complete it, we need more explanation: Because of the rain, the party was canceled. Now, our fragment, a dependent clause, has successfully attached to a sentence that has a subject (the party) AND a verb (was canceled). Our idea is complete.
So...is fixing a fragment just making a sentence a little longer by adding details? Let's take a look at this famous sentence from the Bible: Jesus wept. It is famously known as the shortest verse in the Bible, but it is, in fact, a complete sentence. It offers a subject (Jesus) and a verb (wept).
Learning to identify, fix, and avoid sentence fragments not only makes your writing easier to read, but it can also make you sound more intelligent and polished as a writer AND earn you higher marks on Criterion D in most of your IB assessments.
So...how do we go about fixing a fragment? Fixing a sentence fragment involves one of two things: giving it the components it lacks or fastening it onto an independent clause (complete idea). Consider the following example: There are many ways to frighten little brothers and sisters. For example, by hiding under their beds and waiting for dark.
While this might offer some stealthy ideas, the second statement is NOT a complete sentence. It is lacking a SUBJECT: by hiding under their beds and waiting for dark is not a verb or a predicate. It is actually a prepositional phrase. Here are two ways you can go about fixing this fragment:
There are many ways to frighten little brothers and sisters; for example, by hiding under their beds and waiting for dark.
Too formal? No problem. Try this instead:
There are many ways to frighten little brothers and sisters. For example, you could hide under their beds and wait for dark.
Bingo! In both cases, you now have a structurally sound sentence: you have completed them.
Without exception, you should avoid sentence fragments in formal and academic situations, including your HL essay, Paper 1, Paper 2, and any other writing assessment. That said, a fragment intentionally placed within a clear context can sometimes serve a valid dramatic purpose. Journalists, bloggers, and fiction writers often use them. Here is an example:
No one thought that Ethan could make the jump; it was just too high. All the same, he was determined to astound us. No matter what.
And he did.
No matter what is a sentence fragment. And he did is a sentence beginning with a conjunction, AND it is a one-sentence paragraph. But if you are writing a story, a few fragments might actually suit your purpose or style well.
REALIZE YOUR TEXT TYPE. KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE. KNOW YOUR PURPOSE. Figure out exactly what it is you are trying to say and how you wish to communicate it, and, of course, to whom. But make sure that, regardless, you recognize sentence fragments and realize how to complete them. Then, if and when you discover an appropriate moment to break these rules...
You'll know why.
Now that you are aware of this common problem in IB writing, I hope you will be more mindful of it. Respond to this blog by correcting the five fragments below and then commenting on what you are hoping to polish in your writing by the end of this year.
As you go forth into the grand finale of our time together this year (and seniors, as you prepare for exams!), may ALL of your thoughts, ideas, plans, and sentences be complete!
1. Slammed the door and left.
2. The birch trees with their buttery yellow leaves.
3. Because it was raining.
4. Although she never realized the difference.
5. Required a better reason.
Monday, February 2, 2026
TRUE GRIT (February Blog)
A very long time ago, in a state not so far away (California), I was beginning my teaching career at a very innovative school in Turtle Rock, a community in the city of Irvine. When I assumed my brand-new position, we had training in a relatively new program launched by parents and educators, born of the "Self-Esteem" movement that first blossomed in the late 1980s.
As I learned about the program and how it would be integrated into our teaching, classroom management, and philosophy, which proposed lavish praise of kids and handing out trophies just for "trying hard," I felt myself cringe inwardly. At first, I wasn't sure why.
I mean, isn't cultivating a "positive" self-esteem a good thing? You would think so, but that still, small voice inside of me--you know the one-- that sort of sixth sense or inspired discernment that just "knows" things to be true or not, whether or not you have concrete proof? That's the one. That voice whispered to me: "bad idea." While I couldn't articulate why at the time, I just knew this wasn't the right approach to cultivating the dedication and enthusiastic engagement of young learners.
As time passed, I learned that, lo and behold, that voice was right. Subsequent studies showed that kids did NOT try harder as a result of the program. In fact, it was the opposite: coddled kids became softer, slower, and less likely to persevere. Why? Because there was one very important characteristic that past generations knew about and encouraged that was NOT fostered and learned in the process: GRIT.
Carolyn Adams Miller, an author and speaker on the topic from Bethesda, Maryland, said, "This is not a gritty generation. They become overwhelmed and stressed easily because they have been protected from failure."(1) Like Miller, Psychologists now assert that grit, not a positive self-concept, is the best predictor of future success and overall happiness.
So...what, exactly, is grit? According to the dictionary, it is, in this sense, "courage and resolve; strength of character." (2) It is a passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals. It is what determines whether a West Point cadet survives or who makes the cut for the Olympic team; in other words, it sifts out those who can ultimately reach the finish line of hard goals in life from those who cannot. Miller says that talent can only get you so far. It is really your grit that determines whether or not you make it.
In fact, research has shown that grit is completely unrelated to talent. (3) At times, it is even
inversely related! Those who are not blessed with talent discover they must work twice as hard, and with grit, they develop the skills of discipline and perseverance. Grit is contagious. It is inspiring. It CAN be taught and fostered. In a Washington Post article, Miller proposed some steps to cultivate Grit, and they largely relate to our thinking and how we view and approach challenges:
1. When you face a tough problem, don't tell yourself "this is too hard." Instead, ask, "Why not me?"
2. When things get hard, and you want to quit, mentally change the channel. Focus on a spiritual phrase, mantra, or image that encourages you.
3. Build a team around you. Encourage each other. Be sounding boards. Connect positively as you pursue your long-term goals by achieving smaller goals.
4. Instead of offering empty praise and pity in failure, parents should coax their kids through failure. Point out the lessons and praise the efforts to keep on going through pain and failure.
5. While it is tough for parents to let their kids experience failure, it is actually the most important KEY in developing Grit!
Back in the 1980s, many communities opted to "soften" neighborhood parks so that kids could fall into a pillow of wood chips. This seemed, in many ways, very prudent, but as it turns out, it has made kids "softer" as a result. Creeping grade inflation, allowing kids to retake tests they "bombed," has also been shown to erode the development of grit. Reducing expectations and workload has made it harder to balance activities and time effectively. Alternately, participation in true, competitive sports and auditioning for roles (and experiencing the disappointment of not always getting the role you want) in theater arts has shown to cultivate grit.
This all really seems to put a spotlight on the IB profile attribute of risk-taking this week. We have learned through hard experience here that playing it safe and protecting ourselves from failure doesn't seem to net anything but more anxiety and cowardice. But taking risks, watching, and learning from those who never seem to quit will actually encourage curiosity and lead one to feel truly "alive."
Nancy Wake, an Australian woman who went to fight with the French Resistance against the Nazis during World War Two, once stated that while she was incredibly grateful the war ended as it did and freedom was restored, she never felt more alive and like she was living in her true purpose than during those long, fearful months she spent with troops of thousands of men hiding out in the forests. At a time of great danger, Nancy chose not to listen to the cautionary pleas and warnings of those around her. She learned to fight like the men she ultimately led. It turns out that her being a woman was not a "weakness" after all; in fact, it made her less likely to be seen as a threat by the enemy! Several of her fellow fighters were quoted as saying that having one woman named Nancy Wake was like having "five additional men" in their ranks!
Kids with Grit are finishers. They are the tortoises in the race that keep on
moving towards their own established finish lines. You may trip and fall in life. You may experience heartbreaking defeat and failure. But the kids who ultimately succeed are the ones who take risks and feel alive. They are the ones who get back up after a disappointing blow with a sparkle in their eye, and that sparkle? That's GRIT!
Here is a link to a Ted Talk by Angela Lee Duckworth. Listen carefully to all she has to say: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H14bBuluwB8
Then, click here to take the Grit test, and see how you score: https://angeladuckworth.com/grit-scale/
Finally, comment below on how you scored, what you have learned, and how you are going to apply it to your life.
Don't be afraid to get GRITTY!!





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